Understanding Bangladesh’s political crisis through Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Bangladeshi society tends to suffer from cynicism and pessimism, as suggested by a cultural model developed by Dutch professor Geert Hofstede. His renowned 6-D model also indicates that Bangladesh is largely intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas, while individualism holds little value in the country. 

These cultural tendencies shape governance, economic policies, and public discourse, often reinforcing cycles of political instability and social unrest.

Understanding these cultural dimensions allows us to reset our national priorities. Should we measure development purely through economic indicators, or should we focus on social equity and people's freedoms? 

Examining Bangladesh's socio-political landscape through Hofstede's framework—power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence can offer valuable insights into the deep-seated drivers of its governance challenges.

The persistence of hierarchical rule

Bangladesh has a long history of high-power distance, where authority remains concentrated in a few hands, limiting democratic participation. The governance approach of the current administration reflects this trend, with key decisions often made behind closed doors, excluding broader public consultation.

The recent crackdown on opposition leaders and activists, including the January 2025 arrests of senior political figures, exemplifies how centralised power dictates political outcomes. Reports from Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) further highlight the politicisation of government institutions, where civil service appointments are often based on party loyalty rather than merit.

Political instability and economic anxiety

Bangladesh exhibits high uncertainty avoidance, meaning its people desire stability but frequently face abrupt shifts in governance. This is particularly evident in the economic anxieties triggered by political unrest.

The ready-made garment (RMG) sector, which contributes over 80% of the country's exports, is experiencing a slowdown due to investor concerns over political strikes and disruptions. In February 2025, thousands of garment workers in Ashulia protested delayed wages and factory closures, citing uncertainty caused by governance instability. 

The World Bank's economic outlook report warns that declining foreign direct investment (FDI) is exacerbating these challenges, emphasising the urgent need for a stable electoral roadmap.

Party loyalty over institutional trust

Bangladesh remains a highly collectivist society, where political affiliations dominate public life. Instead of engaging in constructive debate, political factions mobilize supporters for street demonstrations, further entrenching divisions.

In January 2025, violent clashes erupted in Dhaka and Chattogram following opposition-led strikes. The tragic death of a university student in Shahbagh during these protests underscores how political tensions affect ordinary citizens. Additionally, Amnesty International reports a significant increase in politically motivated arrests, reflecting a broader lack of trust in institutions.

Economic growth versus social welfare

Bangladesh's policies heavily emphasise economic expansion, often at the expense of social welfare. While infrastructure development remains a priority, issues like inflation, unemployment, and gender-based violence receive less attention.

In Mirpur and Gazipur, daily labourers struggle with rising food prices, while garment workers fear job losses if political instability worsens. A case study from Narayanganj reveals that since December 2024, women working in the informal economy have faced heightened financial struggles due to supply chain disruptions and police crackdowns on street vendors. 

Recent NGO reports also indicate that cases of domestic violence and sexual harassment have risen in politically volatile regions.

Reform or political expediency?

Bangladesh's governance often prioritises short-term political survival over sustainable reforms, despite ambitious long-term goals like Vision 2041.

A recent example is the early 2025 electoral reform bills, which propose changes to local government structures. Critics argue these reforms are designed to delay national elections and consolidate power rather than ensure lasting democratic improvements. 

The uncertainty surrounding these changes has sparked protests from civil society organisations, warning of long-term negative consequences if reforms are implemented without stakeholder consultation.

A call for transparency and democratic accountability

Bangladesh's political crisis is deeply rooted in its cultural dimensions, influencing governance decisions, economic policies, and public reactions. The government's opaque decision-making process, coupled with the uncertainty surrounding election timelines, has intensified public distrust.

To move forward, policymakers must prioritise transparency, participatory governance, and economic stability. Breaking free from short-term political manoeuvring and embracing a governance model that fosters long-term stability, social inclusivity, and institutional trust is essential. 

Only through genuine reforms and democratic accountability can Bangladesh navigate this critical period and build a secure future for its people.

Md Al-Mamun is a researcher and social scientist at the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD), an applied social science research and teaching institute of BRAC University.

Faruq Hossain is a Research Coordinator at BIGD, BRAC University.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and views of The Business Standard.