US targets China's grip on global ports in sweeping maritime mission

Highlights:

• Trump administration in biggest maritime push in decades
• China's global ports seen as strategic risk in time of war
• Beijing says follows framework of international law

US President Donald Trump's administration is on a mission to weaken China's global network of ports and bring more strategic terminals under Western control, according to three sources familiar with the plan.

The drive is part of the most ambitious effort to expand US maritime influence since the 1970s and is designed to address growing fears in Washington that it would be at a disadvantage to China in the event of a conflict.

Trump administration officials believe the US commercial shipping fleet is ill-equipped to provide logistical support for the military in time of war and Washington's dependence on foreign ships and ports is excessive, the people said.

Options the White House is considering include supporting private US or Western firms to buy Chinese stakes in ports, the three people said. They did not mention any specific firms other than to cite BlackRock's proposed deal to buy the port assets of Hong Kong's CK Hutchison in 23 countries, including by the Panama Canal, as a good example.

The sources asked not to be named because they are not authorised to discuss the matter publicly.

The White House and US Treasury did not respond to requests for comment.

Besides Panama, US officials and lawmakers are concerned about Chinese maritime infrastructure holdings in places including Greece and Spain, the Caribbean, and US West Coast ports, according to the sources.

China conducts normal co-operation with other countries within the framework of international law, a spokesperson with China's diplomatic mission in Washington said.

"China has always been firmly opposed to illegal and unjustifiable unilateral sanctions and so-called long-arm jurisdiction and moves that infringe on and undermine other countries' legitimate rights and interests through economic coercion, hegemonism and bullying," the spokesperson said.

Officials in Beijing did not respond to a request for comment.

"The US government sees Chinese investments in global ports as a huge threat to its national security," said Stuart Poole-Robb, founder of risk and intelligence advisers KCS Group.

"The concern is that China could leverage its control over these assets for espionage, military advantage or to disrupt supply chains during geopolitical crises," he said, citing conversations with US security counterparts.

GREEK PORT IN FOCUS

The US intends to look at Chinese interests in the Greek port of Piraeus, the three sources said. Situated in Athens, in the eastern Mediterranean, Piraeus is a pivotal hub on the trade route linking Europe, Africa and Asia.

COSCO, one of China's biggest port and shipping groups, holds a 67% stake in the Piraeus Port Authority company.

Some Chinese investors are concerned Washington may want to target COSCO's operations in Greece, a source close to Chinese investors involved in Greek shipping said.

COSCO and the Greek government did not respond to requests for comment. Greek officials have told Reuters previously that they have not been informed about any plans to change control of Piraeus.

Washington already has COSCO in its sights.

The Department of Defense added state-owned COSCO to its blacklist of companies with links to the Chinese military in January. While the designation does not involve immediate bans on US companies doing business with those listed, it can act as a signal that further action is being considered.

"The United States intends to attack China's international influence by exaggerating the 'China threat theory' and use this as an excuse to force allies to take sides in supply chain arrangements," the Development Research Center of the State Council, an official think-tank of China's governing cabinet, said in a paper published last month.

The US administration has unveiled measures to increase America's thin commercial maritime presence around the world, including by encouraging domestic shipbuilding, is looking to expand access to US-controlled shipping registries, and is also reviewing global maritime chokepoints for shipping risks.

China owns or leases an extensive network of ports through companies including COSCO and other state-controlled enterprises such as China Merchants and SIPG in Shanghai.

According to a report published last year by the Council of Foreign Relations, a US think-tank, China had investments in 129 port projects worldwide through various companies, as of August 2024.

China's shipbuilding industry is also estimated to be 230 times larger than US shipyard capacity, meaning it could take decades to catch up, according to US Navy estimates.

The US maritime push has contributed to tensions with Beijing, which sees port and shipping assets as integral to its Belt and Road initiative, at a time when the two superpowers are already at loggerheads over trade and tariffs.

MEDITERRANEAN GATEWAY UNDER REVIEW

In March, the US Federal Maritime Commission launched a review of seven maritime chokepoints. It said it wanted to identify regulations, policies or practices "that create unfavourable shipping conditions".

The Strait of Gibraltar, which separates Spain from Africa at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, was one such waterway the review is examining.

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has sought to deepen trade ties with China and this has raised concerns in Washington over Beijing's access to its ports, two of the sources said.

"We are not aware of any alleged concerns or approaches by third parties on this matter and therefore it is not appropriate for us to comment," a Spanish foreign ministry spokesperson said when asked for comment about Chinese port investments.

COSCO has concessions to operate container terminals in Valencia and Bilbao, a Spanish Port Authority spokesperson said.

Trump has taken numerous steps since returning to the White House to boost US influence over the seas.

He signed an executive order in April to revive shipbuilding capacity to expand the fleet of US-controlled vessels.

His administration is examining a proposal to establish a shipping registry in the US Virgin Islands that could attract vessels to a US-controlled flag without having to meet the stricter standards of the domestic US registry.

The US is poised to start hitting Chinese-built or Chinese-flagged vessels with fees for calling at US ports.

And Trump has also flagged seizing the semi-autonomous Danish territory of Greenland as an objective, due to its proximity to the Arctic and key shipping lanes.

Together, this all adds up to the most ambitious effort by the US to improve its position in global shipping since President Richard Nixon, who tried to bolster domestic shipbuilding, the commercial ship registry, and US sea power, the sources familiar with the plans said.

"The US in the short to medium term is likely to continue its efforts to counter Chinese influence in the key port areas by building alliances and partnerships to counter Chinese power and economic growth," said Poole-Robb at KCS.

CARIBBEAN SHIPPING CONCERNS

The United States has expressed concern too about Chinese investment in Jamaica's Kingston terminal, a key maritime transhipment hub in the Caribbean due to its location and deep-water port facilities, according to the three sources.

China Merchants has a stake in the company operating Kingston's container terminal together with France's CMA CGM. Chinese metals group JISCO bought the Alpart alumina refinery in St Elizabeth west of the capital in 2016 and owns nearby Port Kaiser.

A June analysis by the Center for Strategic & International Studies think-tank said China's presence in Kingston posed the greatest security risk to the United States out of all Beijing's port projects in Latin America and the Caribbean.

On a visit to Kingston in March, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, described China's strategy as being characterised by "predatory practices", using government-subsidised companies to "underbid everybody" and acquire assets.

The presence of equipment from untrusted suppliers in critical infrastructure throughout the world, including ports, increases the risk to US national security, a State Department spokesperson said when asked about Rubio's comments.

A spokesperson for Jamaica's ministry for foreign affairs and foreign trade said it had no knowledge of any US communication or request about reducing China's maritime influence in the Caribbean nation.

There was already some pushback against Chinese investment in the region during the first Trump administration.

"I suspect that there's going to be increasing pressure from the US for us to back off from any increasing engagement with China," said former Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding, who helped bring Chinese investments into the Caribbean country.

In the United States, meanwhile, COSCO has investments with local partners in container terminals at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The White House did not respond to a request for comment about COSCO's US investments.

In Australia, US private equity firm Cerberus, which was founded by US Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen Feinberg, has shown interest in buying the lease for Darwin Port, a senior executive of the port's Chinese operator Landbridge said in May.

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has pledged to return the strategic northern port to local ownership and reiterated during a visit to China in July that the government's position was very clear about wanting Australian ownership.

Albanese's office referred Reuters to his previous comments.

Feinberg has not been involved in any discussions or decisions regarding any acquisitions his former company may be interested in, a US defense official said when asked for comment.

Democratic and Republican lawmakers have been scrutinizing China's port ownership since the end of President Joe Biden's term, a US port official familiar with the matter said.

Speaking in February, Carlos Gimenez, chairman of the House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Transportation and Maritime Security, said: "America cannot, and will not, stand idly by while Communist China continues to undermine our interests at maritime ports."