Japan lifts ban on lethal weapons exports in major policy shift

Japan removed its long-standing ban on exporting lethal weapons today (21 April), marking a significant shift from its post-World War II pacifist stance as it looks to strengthen its defence industry amid rising concerns over China and North Korea.

The Cabinet of Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi approved new guidelines that pave the way for a wider range of arms exports, including domestically developed warships, combat drones and other military equipment.

The move has been welcomed by key defence partners such as Australia and has drawn interest from countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. US Ambassador to Japan George Glass described it as a "historic step" that would strengthen defence cooperation between allies.

However, China strongly criticised the decision, warning that the international community would oppose what it called Japan's shift toward militarism. Critics within Japan also argue that the move goes against the country's pacifist constitution and could raise global tensions.

Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara said the new policy aims to enhance Japan's security and contribute to regional and global stability as the security environment evolves.

He added that the government will promote defence equipment transfers strategically to strengthen the country's industrial base.

Japan has traditionally restricted arms exports under its pacifist constitution, though recent changes allowed limited exports for non-combat purposes such as rescue, transport and surveillance. The new rules remove those restrictions, allowing exports of items like fighter jets, missiles and destroyers.

Initially, such exports will be limited to 17 countries that have defence equipment and technology agreements with Japan. Each deal will require approval from the National Security Council, with strict monitoring of how the equipment is used.

Officials said Japan will maintain strict controls and will not supply lethal weapons to countries engaged in active conflict, though exceptions could be considered.

Japan began easing its export rules in 2014 by allowing non-lethal military supplies. In 2023, it further relaxed restrictions to permit exports of certain licensed weapons, enabling it to supply US-designed Patriot missiles to the United States.

The revised policy also supports joint development projects, including a next-generation fighter jet with Britain and Italy, and a major naval deal with Australia. Under that agreement, Japan will supply advanced frigates and collaborate on building additional vessels.

Japan is also working to expand its domestic defence industry, which has struggled in the past due to limited demand. With growing security concerns involving China, North Korea and Russia, the government is encouraging investment in defence production, including drones and dual-use technologies.

Officials say the new export framework will help deepen defence cooperation with partners and strengthen regional deterrence. Takaichi emphasised that Japan remains committed to its pacifist principles while adapting to new security challenges.

Several countries, including New Zealand and the Philippines, have already shown interest in Japanese defence equipment. Meanwhile, NATO representatives recently visited Japan to explore closer cooperation in defence and technology.