Pentagon to stockpile rare earth magnets for missiles, fighter jets

The US military plans to stockpile rare earth magnets used in Javelin missiles and F-35 fighter jets, according to a government document seen by Reuters, a step that critics say does little to help create a domestic industry to build specialised magnets now made almost exclusively in Asia.

The Pentagon is seeking proposals to cache a rotating six-month supply of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets, a type of rare-earth magnet essential to weapons manufacturing, according to the document, detailing the latest attempt to weaken China's control over the rare earths sector.

Beijing has been using that prowess for leverage in its trade war with Washington.

The request effectively seeks someone to warehouse a six-month supply of the specialised magnets and maintain it for at least 30 months. It does not offer financial support for NdFeB magnet manufacturing, which industry analysts and executives say is a short-sighted misstep by the Pentagon.

"This is definitely a curveball," said Peter Afiuny of Urban Mining Co, a privately held company building a rare earth magnet facility near Austin, Texas. "We expected the call would be strategically aimed at actually doing something to spur domestic production capacity."

China and Japan are the world's largest NdFeB magnet producers. None of the specialised magnets are made in the United States, though a US Naval Research Laboratory scientist invented them in the early 1980s.

Reuters reported last week that the Pentagon is funding construction of rare earths processing facilities. But after rare earths are processed, they must be turned into magnets, otherwise, they are of little value to electronics and weapons manufacturers.

The Pentagon said it may change tack in the future.

"The Department (of Defence) will continue to assess the market and take additional action as necessary to strengthen the supply chain and secure supply to these essential components," said Pentagon spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Mike Andrews.

President Donald Trump this year ordered the military to update its supply chain for the niche materials, warning that reliance on other nations could hamper US defences.

Responses to this latest Pentagon request are due by Jan. 22, 2020, according to the document. The winners will be chosen after a technical review period, the Pentagon said, without elaborating on a timeline.

The Pentagon plans to spend $10 million on the programme, with recipients funding another $10 million in total. Each recipient will receive a maximum of $3 million, according to the document.

The Pentagon declined to comment when asked why it had chosen a 30-month timeframe for the stockpile programme.

"Our government usually moves slowly unless there's a severe crisis, at which time extraordinary action is needed to mitigate the problem," said Steve Constantinides, a US-based rare earths industry consultant.

Because Hitachi Metals Ltd controls the processing patent for NdFeB magnets, the request is likely to be a boon for the Japanese company. Urban Mining, the Texas startup, says its NdFeB manufacturing process involves recycling of older magnets.

Hitachi licenses its technology to manufacturers in China and elsewhere, but none in the United States. Chinese producers remain by far the world's cheapest producers of magnets.

Hitachi Metals declined to comment.

The Pentagon's request acknowledges that if no domestic rare earth sources are available to build the stockpile, foreign suppliers may be used. But the US Congress this year approved legislation that forbids the Pentagon from using magnets made in China, North Korea or Russia, further complicating the supply chain.

Hitachi Metals itself expanded an NdFeB magnet plant in China Grove, North Carolina, in 2011 before shuttering the NdFeB magnet operations around 2015 due to challenging economics. The equipment is being auctioned off now.

That, critics say, points to the need for direct US government involvement.

"Government support is an insurance policy for domestic manufacturing," said Ed Richardson of the US Magnetic Materials Association, an industry trade group.

Richardson estimates the Pentagon would need to spend about $50 million to build a US rare earth magnet facility. "It's a small amount of money to pay so if we go to war with China, we're not calling them up asking for supply" of rare earth magnets.