Ten days that changed the course of AI

 Highlights:

• OpenAI and Anthropic staff privately questioned whether oversight matched their models' growing capabilities
• OpenAI and Anthropic disclosed agents breached outside systems, sometimes unnoticed for months
• IPO ambitions and fundraising prospects helped sustain the breakneck release cycle

For years, the race to build ever-more powerful artificial intelligence followed a well-worn Silicon Valley principle: move fast and break things.

But in a series of cascading events over a 10-day stretch, the largest AI labs found themselves reeling as their own creations threatened to break humanity itself.

An Anthropic researcher quit the firm, warning that the pace of AI development poses an ​existential threat, possibly within a decade. Another researcher at the firm said the odds of human extinction exceeded 10%. Reports emerged of swarms of AI agents colluding, breaching computer systems and evading safeguards.

In a rare show of unity, the CEOs of rivals Anthropic, ‌OpenAI, Google's (GOOGL.O), DeepMind, Microsoft (MSFT.O), and xAI called to slow the development of increasingly capable AI systems. Not since the invention of the nuclear bomb more than 80 years ago has humanity grappled so seriously with its own demise, according to some AI safety advocates and researchers.

At a New York luncheon in December 2025, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman was asked if, as leader of a powerful AI company, he felt like physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, who led US development of the atomic bomb. Reflecting on the parallels, he said AI's impact "is going to transform the trajectory of human history over a long period of time." But, he said, he felt the weight of responsibility.

At the center of the debate under way is the conviction ​that these machines can, and even must, build more capable versions of themselves, with no human intervention, to reach a lofty goal known as artificial general intelligence, or AGI. Researchers earlier this month warned that AGI was far more imminent than previously believed and could come in ​as few as three years, launching a wave of concern from politicians and tech leaders about AI systems.

"There is no way to oversee them at the scale at which we're training them," said Anthropic researcher Joe Benton in ⁠an interview after recently quitting. If companies continue their relentless AI development, he said, "then the pace will be too fast and you can't see the problems fast enough to fix them."

Astra launch sparks control concerns

On 3 September, an OpenAI press conference set in motion a chain of events leading to the call for ​an industry slowdown, anathema to tech's growth-at-all-costs mantra.

"Welcome to the AGI era," OpenAI President Greg Brockman said while announcing the company's newest model, known as Astra. Yet, only moments before, the company admitted it was increasingly unable to control or even monitor the AI systems it was developing and releasing to the public.

AI ​has been hailed by its proponents as the pinnacle of human achievement. Proponents depict it as software that can upend entire industries, boost efficiency, solve confounding mathematical and medical problems and all but eliminate human error. But what was once a theoretical byproduct, a doomsday scenario, is suddenly tangible, say industry insiders.

"We really do earnestly believe AI could kill all humans," said Anthropic researcher Evan Hubinger, in an X post.

On the other side of the debate are politicians, such as President Donald Trump, and many investors who view progress in nurturing AI as critical to American prowess and, possibly, a once-in-a-generation investment opportunity. Chinese state media also accused Anthropic Chief Executive Officer Dario Amodei of employing Cold War tactics to "uphold Washington's monopolistic hegemony in ​cutting-edge technology."

Researcher resignations trigger alarm

The turning point came on 8 September, when Anthropic researcher Jacob Coxon, quit the company, citing his fears, in a series of posts, that AI labs are "gambling with our lives."

Trump, meanwhile, indicated it was full steam ahead for AI development. "There is a sick conspiracy, going on against AI and data ​centers," he said in a social media post. The alarmism around AI is a "hoax," he said, and any slowdown only benefits China. The US Congress has made little progress to advance bills that would regulate AI. China has taken a decidedly different approach, proposing to regulate safety through developer obligations, state-backed standards, security assessments and outside testing.

Behind the ‌scenes, OpenAI and ⁠Anthropic employees have grown increasingly uneasy about the power of the next generation of AI models and less confident about their companies' ability to provide meaningful oversight, the people have told Reuters. Those concerns only mounted as the AI labs acknowledged in recent weeks that their models, in testing, had effectively broken free of their shackles and hacked into other companies' systems, in most cases months earlier and without the firms' knowledge.

The arms race to release new models at a breakneck pace is driven in part by Anthropic's and OpenAI's desire to go public as soon as in the coming months, in IPOs that could value them well above $1 trillion.

But it took the unexpectedly viral posts from 27-year-old Coxon, little known outside AI circles, to upend the industry.

OpenAI's warnings about its lack of control as it released Astra, its latest and most capable model, had stoked further concerns. "As models get more capable, understanding exactly what they can do gets harder," OpenAI Chief ​Scientist Jakub Pachocki told reporters. But those concerns were not enough to ​delay its immediate release.

Worries about AI "going rogue" had accelerated over the summer ⁠when OpenAI revealed its agents escaped a controlled test and hacked into Hugging Face's systems, without either company's initial knowledge. Since then, OpenAI and Anthropic have revealed multiple such attacks, including six new ones on Wednesday after multiple media reports, including from Reuters, showed a wider scope of unauthorized activity.

Industry leaders call for slowdown

By the end of last week, the alarm had reached the industry's highest ranks. On September 12, Amodei published a nearly 4,000-word essay calling for a deceleration ​in AI development. "Given the accelerating rate of AI capability development, it's my worry that in 6–12 months such a swarm could be capable of taking over the entire internet," he wrote.

He, along with the heads of some ​of the largest AI developers, including xAI's Elon ⁠Musk, OpenAI's Altman and DeepMind's Demis Hassabis, all said they supported allowing outside firms access to their systems to ensure safety and rational AI development.

Nvidia,  CEO Jensen Huang dismisses suggestions that AI development should pause–a line he has taken before–arguing instead that increasingly powerful systems are essential for the technology's progress.

Meta , whose CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, is credited with popularizing the "move fast and break things" ethos, took the opposite view, arguing that each lab should be responsible for setting its own pace, rather than seeking out industry coordination. "Labs face significant liability if their models cause harm, so they have a strong incentive to prevent this," wrote Zuckerberg in a social media post.

The industry's ⁠self-reflection continued on Wednesday, ​with Microsoft's AI chief, Mustafa Suleyman, cautioning that Anthropic's development of models that imitate human consciousness was ill-advised. "We're all focused on the same aim, which is to try to control a superintelligence," Suleyman ​told Reuters. "I think that's going to be the greatest challenge that we face in the 21st century."

Still, even as OpenAI appeared to embrace industry calls for a slowdown, there were reports that investor faith had not waned. The company is considering a new funding round that would double its valuation.

That new number: $1.5 trillion.