Investors brace for recession, more market turmoil after Fed's supersized hike

Investors' faith in a soft landing for the US economy is being heavily tested, as a jumbo-sized interest rate hike from the Federal Reserve stirs worries over recession and more volatile trading ahead.

Analysts and investors said they believe a recession is more likely after the Fed at the close of its policy meeting on Wednesday hiked rates by 75 basis points – its biggest raise in nearly three decades – and committed to delivering more big moves to fight surging inflation.

While stocks rallied on hopes that the Fed is willing to go all out in fighting the worst inflation in more than 40 years, few believe that deep selloffs in equities will be near a turning point until there are clear signs inflation is ebbing. The S&P is down 22.2% year-to-date and is in a bear market.

US unveils biggest rate hike since 1994, flags slowing economy

"Volatility is going to stay high, which makes market participants including myself less interested in taking risk in general," said Steve Bartolini, a bond fund manager at T. Rowe Price.

Wednesday's rate hike was accompanied by a downgrade to the Fed's economic outlook, with growth now seen slowing to a below-trend 1.7% rate this year. Analysts have been debating whether the Fed will hit a "hard landing" by putting the economy into recession as it hikes rates, or whether it can dampen inflation while slowing growth, meaning a "soft landing."

US central bank officials flagged a faster path of rate hikes to come, but although another three-quarters of a point increase at the central bank's next meeting in July is possible, Fed Chair Jerome Powell said such moves would not "be common."

Despite Powell's confidence that policymakers could engineer a soft landing, others were less confident that the economy would emerge unscathed from what is on track to be the sharpest tightening cycle since 1994. Analysts at Wells Fargo said on Wednesday that odds of a recession now stand at more than 50%. Other banks that have warned of rising recession risks include Deutsche Bank and Morgan Stanley.

Indeed, investors are already saying that recession risks could see the Fed soon reverse course. ING analysts said in a note that moving "harder and faster comes at an economic cost" and that rising recession risks "mean rate cuts will be on the agenda for summer 2023."

A recession could mean more pain for an already-battered stock market. Bear markets accompanied by recession tend to be longer and steeper, with a median decline of about 35%, data from Bespoke Investment Group showed.

"If we end up in a recession later this year or early next year, earnings would decline on equities and stocks would probably go down further," said Sean McGould, president and co-chief investment officer at hedge fund firm Lighthouse Investment Partners.

Fed policymakers had for weeks signaled that half-percentage-point hikes would be likely for the June and July meetings, with a possible deceleration in the pace by September. But market expectations shifted after higher US consumer prices data in May, published last week, led to the largest annual inflation increase in nearly 40-1/2 years.

The Fed has faced criticism from some investors for acting too slowly in taming inflation, or being behind-the-curve.

"The Fed is in a very difficult position that frankly they put themselves in by mishandling monetary policy and allowing inflation to rise as much as it has," said Michael Rosen, chief investment officer at Angeles Investment Advisors. "The so-called soft landing is looking more and more tenuous," he said.

"EXTREMELY HAWKISH"

The S&P 500 rose 1.45% on Wednesday in what some investors said was a vote of confidence for a central bank that showed it was committed to taking decisive action against stubbornly high inflation.

Some questioned how long that optimism would last.

Julian Brigden, co-founder and president of Macro Intelligence 2 Partners, a global macroeconomic research firm, said the Fed's stance should not be seen as a positive for risk assets.

"It was extremely hawkish and with the rise in unemployment in the SEP (summary of economic projections), a clear nod to the possibility of a recession," he said.

Economic weakness and continued volatility in stocks could spur a rally in government bonds, which some investors said were starting to present buying opportunities given how much they sold off this year.

Benchmark 10-year Treasury yields, which move inversely to the bond prices, have more than doubled since the beginning of the year, but they tumbled on Wednesday.

"After this meeting, our comfort level with the stability of the long end of the curve, the 10-year, 30-year part of the yield curve, has increased dramatically," said Daniela Mardarovici, co-head of multi-sector fixed income for Macquarie Asset Management.

The consensus for bonds, however, is by no means monolithic.

"We remain extremely cautious," said Brigden, "because our work suggests that inflation has yet to peak, which may require an even more aggressive stance by the Fed."